Harnessing Technology for Legal Success: Innovative Court Reporting Durham

Unlocking the Keys of Court Coverage: A Comprehensive Introduction

 




Court coverage, usually viewed as a discreet occupation within the lawful area, holds a wealth of complexities that stay veiled to lots of. The meticulous work of court reporters goes far beyond transcribing talked words; it serves as the backbone of lawful process, making sure precision and maintaining the essence of every court room exchange. From the historic advancement of court reporting to the innovative technologies reshaping the landscape, an extensive understanding of this occupation reveals a world where accuracy, versatility, and keen focus to detail converge. In this review, we will decipher the layers of court coverage, losing light on its important abilities, the duty of innovation, and the myriad job pathways it supplies.

 

 

 

Background of Court Reporting

 

 

COURT REPORTING DURHAMCOURT REPORTING DURHAM
Having progressed over centuries, the history of court reporting shows the essential role this profession has actually played in protecting legal procedures. The beginnings of court reporting can be mapped back to ancient people where scribes were employed to transcribe crucial events and proceedings. In the USA, court reporting dates back to the very early 19th century when verbatim records of trials became essential for accurate allures and recommendations.


One turning point in the history of court reporting was the introduction of stenography in the mid-19th century, revolutionizing the career by allowing press reporters to record talked words at high speeds. This development considerably boosted the accuracy and efficiency of court documents, leading the method for modern-day court reporting strategies.


Throughout background, court reporters have actually adapted to technical advancements, transitioning from hand-operated shorthand to stenotype devices and currently to computer-aided transcription systems. These developments have not only boosted the speed and accuracy of transcriptions but have additionally expanded the range of solutions supplied by court press reporters in legal, educational, and corporate settings. COURT REPORTING DURHAM. The advancement of court reporting remains to form the occupation and its vital role in the legal system

 

 

 

Necessary Abilities for Court Reporters



Court press reporters must possess a varied array of skills to efficiently record and capture spoken words in lawful process with accuracy and efficiency. This skill allows court reporters to maintain up with busy dialogue in court rooms.

 

 

 

COURT REPORTING DURHAMCOURT REPORTING DURHAM
Attention to information is one more essential skill for court reporters. They should have sharp paying attention skills to record every word spoken and be able to set apart in between similar-sounding words. Additionally, strong grammar and spelling abilities are needed to produce precise records that reflect the subtleties of spoken language.


Additionally, court press reporters need excellent focus and emphasis to keep precision throughout lengthy lawful proceedings. They need to additionally possess remarkable time-management abilities to fulfill tight target dates for providing records. Overall, a combination of technological, linguistic, and cognitive skills is crucial for stenotype reporter to succeed in their profession.

 

 

 

Innovation in Court Coverage



Embracing technical advancements has changed the field of court coverage, improving effectiveness and accuracy in capturing and transcribing lawful process. One of the most substantial technical developments in court reporting is the adoption of stenotype makers. These equipments allow court reporters to transcribe talked words into written text at exceptionally high rates, making certain that all details of the legal proceedings are accurately taped. In addition, the assimilation of real-time coverage software program has further structured the procedure by providing instant translations of stenotype shorthand right into legible message on a computer system display.


In addition, the usage of digital recording devices has become significantly common in court coverage. In general, the assimilation of innovation in court coverage continues to boost the career, making the process extra precise and effective.

 

 

 

Importance of Accuracy in Records



The precision and dependability of court reporting transcripts play an essential duty in maintaining the honesty of lawful process and ensuring an accurate record of events. Court reporters must capture verbatim what is said during proceedings, including nuances in tone, pauses, and interruptions, to offer a devoted account of the discussion.


Imprecise records can jeopardize the fairness of a test, effect the reliability of witnesses, and hamper the visit our website lawful procedure. Juries, lawyers, and various other attorneys depend greatly on these records to examine testaments, debates, and rulings properly. Moreover, exact records assist in the preparation of briefs, charms, and legal techniques, guaranteeing that all parties have access to a reliable document of the process. As a result, the function of court reporters in keeping accuracy in transcripts is crucial to promoting the concepts of justice and due process.

 

 

 

Career Opportunities in Court Coverage



Checking out the area of court reporting unveils a myriad of encouraging occupation opportunities for people with a keen eye for information and exceptional paying attention skills. Stenotype reporter play a critical function in legal process by developing exact verbatim transcripts of spoken discussion, depositions, hearings, and other events. This specialized ability collection opens doors to varied profession courses past conventional courtroom settings.


One noticeable occupation option for court press reporters is operating in the judicial system. Several stenotype reporter locate work in government or state courts, making sure that official records are meticulously recorded and preserved. Furthermore, possibilities exist in self-employed court coverage, where specialists deal with a legal basis for law practice, federal government firms, or private companies.

 

 

 

 


Court press reporters with competence in real-time captioning can pursue careers in tv, webcasting, and live click now occasion captioning. In general, a profession in court coverage guarantees stability, growth, and the contentment of adding to the legal and media industries.

 

 

 

Conclusion



In verdict, court reporting is a crucial career that requires specialized abilities and training. With a history dating back centuries, court reporters play a critical role in properly documenting lawful process.


Having progressed over centuries, the background of court reporting shows the essential role this career has actually played in preserving legal process. The advancement of court reporting continues to form the career and its essential function in the lawful system.


Welcoming technological developments has actually revolutionized the field of court reporting, improving performance and precision in capturing and transcribing legal procedures.The precision and dependability directory of court coverage transcripts play a pivotal function in protecting the stability of lawful process and ensuring an accurate record of events. Lots of court press reporters find employment in federal or state courts, ensuring that authorities documents are meticulously tape-recorded and preserved.
 

Some Known Details About Philadelphia Court Reporter

Unknown Facts About Philadelphia Court Reporter


A court reporter will never ever go over the case of clients with any kind of various other celebration unless they're approved consent to do so. A lot of the experienced court press reporters can properly utilize speech-to-text dictation systems to swiftly offer transcripts.


It is likewise crucial for them to without delay provide records to jurors, lawyers, as well as judges. That is why they need to use a software application translation system that converts what the reporter has taped as well as shows it to the jurors, courts, and attorneys within an issue of secs, providing them time to make essential decisions.


As a lawyer, you'll discover that it is much more budget-friendly to work with a stenotype reporter than get and also preserve an electronic system. Stenotype reporter are specialists in various areas of law as well as legal terms. They've experienced comprehensive training to obtain the called for skills to tape-record an instance provided in court.




The Basic Principles Of Philadelphia Court Reporter


When hiring a court reporter, many people do so according to just how low their prices are; however that should not be the situation.




 


Extremely few people recognize the function of the court reporter in today's litigation process. Several of us merely have a picture of the court press reporter as the silent person that is constantly existing when testament is given. The court reporter has actually constantly been and also remains the main caretaker of the document, yet there is far more that every attorney and also lawyer should learn about court coverage and also court press reporters today.


A court reporter's ability and expertise of innovation can aid you win or lose an instance. Court reporters do not all have the exact same ability sets.




Some Known Factual Statements About Philadelphia Court Reporter




Court press reporters that function for courts and also the courts are typically referred to as main court press reporters. In more modern-day times, as demand increased for an officer of the court to provide reporting services outside the court, the independent court reporter emerged.




philadelphia court reporterphiladelphia court reporter

philadelphia court reporterphiladelphia court reporter

Commonly, the authorities reporter was a public servant, utilized by the court system within which they functioned - philadelphia court reporter. Today, numerous territories rely upon independent court reporting companies to supply the courts with stenotype reporter on an agreement basis. These jurisdictions locate that they have the ability to decrease expenditures thus.


There, an official stenotype reporter is really an independent reporter. The independent stenotype reporter is not a worker of the court but is an officer of the court that supplies court reporting solutions. While the distinction in between the authorities and independent stenotype reporter is not always as noticeable as having two different sites designations could suggest, a lot of what complies with talks with the function of the independent stenotype reporter.


 

Philadelphia Court Reporter for Beginners


As sole practitioners, court reporters typically function mostly for a restricted number of customers. The second classification of independent court reporters is the independent reporter who is affiliated with one or more court reporting firms, either as an independent specialist or as a staff member of one company.


In some territories you might discover a "tape" recorder. This is somebody that just tapes the procedures as well as later wishes to be able to correctly interpret and transcribe the tape. Reporters certainly do not all have the same resources. Furthermore, not all court coverage companies have the very same sources. The variety of reporters available in a provided geographic location, the variety of reporters with advanced capability and experience levels, and the financial investment as well as savvy in areas of technology can develop considerable variances in available sources.


The nature of organization at the law practice with extensive hrs and sprawling geographic demands, combined with enhanced demand for reporting solutions, has actually made it progressively hard for the independent press reporter not affiliated with a court reporting company to provide all the services several law office require. Lots of law firms locate that they can be better serviced by counting on a court reporting company that has the resources of numerous press reporters to satisfy their differing demands.




The Of Philadelphia Court Reporter


By associating oneself with a court reporting company, which has tactical connections with organizations such as Live, Note, private independent court press reporters might be finest placed to give their customers with even more and also far better solutions. This is not to claim that there is not an area or scenario in which a single practitioner may be able to webpage provide the top quality solutions required by their customers.


Qualification as well as law of court press reporters differs substantially from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Court press reporters are officers of the court while in depositions and also are commonly managed at the state degree.


In some jurisdictions you may find a "tape" recorder. This is someone that merely tapes the proceedings as well as later on intends to have the ability to appropriately interpret and record the tape. Reporters certainly do not all have the same resources. Likewise, not all court reporting companies have the same resources. The number of reporters offered in an offered geographic area, the variety of reporters with advanced ability and also experience levels, as well as the investment as well as savvy in areas of modern technology can create substantial variances in offered sources.




More About Philadelphia Court Reporter


The nature of business at the law office with prolonged hours as well as sprawling geographic needs, integrated with enhanced need for reporting services, has actually made it significantly challenging for the independent press reporter not affiliated with a court reporting company to give all the solutions lots of law firms need. Several law office discover that they can be much better serviced by relying on a court reporting firm that has the resources of numerous press reporters to please their differing needs.


By affiliating oneself with a court reporting firm, which has tactical relationships with organizations such as Live, Note, specific independent stenotype reporter might be finest positioned to provide their customers with even more as well as better services. This is not to claim that there is not an area or situation in which a sole practitioner might have the ability to offer the quality services required by their customers.


Qualification and also visit our website regulation of court reporters varies considerably from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Court reporters are officers of the court while in depositions and are usually managed at the state level.

 

Movies Download In Hindi for Dummies

Movies Download In Hindi - Questions


There are no sub classifications specified in the Hollywood referred to as movies section. You are just going to get web link for downloading them without being rerouted to various other servers.


You can ask for brand-new flicks or complaint for a concern in the Request/Complaint area offered at the end of this website. Modern Mob is a website which lately moved in from an additional domain, which is typical for websites in this niche relating to the censorship and also piracy regulations. (See to it you review our please note prior to clicking on any web links in this article).




7 Simple Techniques For Movies Download In Hindi




It has a top-bar with choices such as Bollywood, South India, Web Collection and also clearly Hollywood. Beware, the site has loads ads though. Automobile pop-up advertisements, concealed on-click ads what not. Although that's anticipated of websites in this particular niche I expect (movies download in hindi). Once you click on the Hollywood movies section, it takes you to the movie-list.


You 'd require to separately click on each flicks' web link in order to get even more details about it. Once on the download-page, there's a heap of details concerning the movie.




Some Ideas on Movies Download In Hindi You Need To Know


No registration required on the site, however some third-party documents upload sites may require registration. Coming to the end of the listing, the final site through which you can download Hollywood motion pictures in Hindi is HDMoviesmp4. As the name of the site says everything, you are going to obtain flicks in full HD on this site.




movies download in hindimovies download in hindi
When it comes to the recent ones, you can certainly get them. They have about 1300 Hollywood films dubbed in Hindi or in Dual Tone on this website. They additionally have multilingual flicks like Marathi, Tamil, Punjabi, Bengali and so on. This indicates the site is certainly rich and versatile in its web content.




Movies Download In Hindi for Dummies


Well, you can obtain a bit dissatisfied here as they have actually not submitted any kind of 2017 films. HDMovies, Free is a website which not only operates in referring to as films right into Hindi but likewise gives films in English, Hindi, French and also other languages also. This is a substantial hit and when you will certainly take a look at its ranking after that you will discover that this website is growing like crazy.


You can get a limitless checklist of incredible Hollywood cult standards posted right here in Hindi. You just open the site and also go to the area of Hindi Dub and you are mosting likely to fetch a checklist of different flicks called in Hindi in this area. If you desire then you can directly look for the motion pictures that you want in the search bar.




The 5-Minute Rule for Movies Download In Hindi


I make certain that you are totally mosting likely to like this website as it supplies every one of its solutions without also needing you to authorize up on it. Flicks Relevant Internet Sites Posts for You: Do not destroy the fun of the flick just by thinking what the actors are attempting to claim.


Hollywood films download in Hindi is an immaterial currently. You just need to adhere to specific steps as well as you will be just there. I wish this piece of information is going to help you a whole lot to enjoy the Hollywood movies in a language that you can recognize.




All About Movies Download In Hindi


Something failed. movies download in hindi. Wait a minute as well as attempt once more Try once more.


If you enjoy Hollywood motion YOURURL.com pictures, you've possibly seen that numerous of them are dubbed in international languages. Why is that? Why You ought to go with Hollywood Hindi called films complimentary download. In the United States, we have a long-standing social custom of dubbing flicks. It's not just that we do not like checking out subtitlesit's likewise because we desire our flicks to seem a certain method.




The Basic Principles Of Movies Download In Hindi


It must be noted that not all nations need filmmakers to release called versions of their films France is one remarkable exception but even in these markets there is typically still considerable demand for such products - movies download in hindi. In short, Hollywood flicks are typically called right into various other languages in order to reach the largest feasible target market as well as produce the best monetary return.


By having Hollywood Hindi called movies cost-free download, you can see it on any type of tool that sustains the MP4 formatwhich is most devices nowadays. Plus, by downloading the flick beforehand, you can avoid buffering concerns as well as other streaming problems. Yet there are various other reasons to download and install flicks in Hindi too.




Movies Download In Hindi Can Be Fun For Anyone


This internet site has a lot of different anime shows as well as flicks that you can view for complimentary. This web site additionally here are the findings supplies customers a wide variety of anime titles to choose from and all for complimentary.


This website flaunts having among the biggest data sources when it concerns HD Films and TV Shows which makes discovering what you're trying to find a really simple job. Regardless of which internet site you determine to make use of, downloading and install dubbed Hollywood movies is a process that is pretty simple. With many sites, all you have to do is find the flick or program that you wish to see, click the link and after that index wait for it to download.




The Facts About Movies Download In Hindi Revealed


movies download in hindimovies download in hindi
If you are not sure regarding whether or not a website is trustworthy, it is constantly best to err on the side of caution and pick an additional resource. Additionally, be sure to have an anti-virus program set up on your computer system before downloading and install any type of files. This will certainly aid secure your system from potential malware or infections.




movies download in hindimovies download in hindi
What are you waiting for? Order your popcorn and prepare to binge watch among these fantastic new movies!.

 

The Ultimate Guide To Bubbles And Friends

Some Of Educational Videos For Children


For one great example, check out this flip book produced to inform concerning public health across language barriers. One problem with video knowing is that once created, a video is mostly fixed. It's a whole lot of job to edit and reissue a video clip if corrections are required. There are some other methods around this.




Learning Videos For ChildrenLearning Videos For Kids
Read: Remote training techniques for educators Since we have actually laid out the pros and also cons of video clip in education, let's chat concerning just how you can take advantage of it to attend to what you're showing in course. Our objective is basic: we desire video clip to function for you without you needing to give up priceless course timetime spent engaging with your trainees, answering questions, and resolving issues. https://www.socialbookmarkiseasy.info/author/bubblesandfr/.


This will bring them to your next course with some superb product for discussion, which will cultivate a a lot more interactive, engaging, as well as fun atmosphere to find out in! Well, after that utilize the above teaching strategy to get the most from it! We recognize that sometimes you could simply be as well slammed to prepare an interactive lesson for your trainees.


Video clip works ideal when coupled with other research methods such as note taking or Brainscape's adaptive flashcards, which can come with the video clips as well as duplicate the principles in a tailored pattern fit to the learner's speed. Either method, video knowing is below to remain. Rather than withstanding it, you ought to think about how to integrate it right into your training approaches to get the most out of it, not only for your pupils however, for you too! It's an ingenious device for education that is a game changer! For even more amazing concepts about making education and learning efficient, have a look at the Brainscape Teacher's Academy.




The Main Principles Of Educational Videos For Kids


Learning Videos For ChildrenLearning Videos For Kids
When a video is created, it can be recycled and upgraded as required, leaving more time in the classroom for live conversations and involvement with trainees. Video involves both the student as well as instructor in an individually connection without ever being in the exact same room. A compelling 2016 research study by the Online Understanding Consortium discovered that video clip helped teachers construct and promote genuine connections with students.


As well as captions, for instance, enable deaf students to check out the video.




 


What that means is that video clips are more than simply a method to pass time or offer additional info on a details discovering goal. Video-assisted discovering takes video clips and transforms them right into an integral part of both general education and trainee health and wellbeing. Video clips whether they are brief, targeted clips or tv programs have some tested advantages to various facets of a student's growth as well as educational development.




Learning Videos For ChildrenLearning Videos For Kids


A left-handed student does not need to be educated to be right-handed just so that they drop under the typical assumption of pencil-holding (https://bubblesandfriends14676.tblogz.com/). Usage good reasoning as well as be thoughtful regarding the actions you target.




Excitement About Educational Videos For Children


One popular advantage is the promo of creative thinking. There are various various other benefits for videos. When making use of videos to promote cognitive capacity, remember that they are not successful by themselves. Study from the Society for Research in Kid Advancement shows that videos can have no bearing on a youngster if there recommended you read is not an active seeing intent.




 


Some define it as a location where multicultural education and learning is fostered while others specify it just as classrooms that includes pupils with special requirements, impairments, or disabilities into general education and learning class. Whichever definition you select to utilize, what is necessary is the influence VAL can have. Video-assisted knowing can be made use of in two different means when it involves inclusivity.


As an example, if you are making use of a discovering version like hybrid learning then videos can swiftly provide extra lessons or product for pupils falling back or needing even more time. Providing video clips can also allow you to restrict communication with advanced trainees to make sure that those that require more face-to-face interactions for finding out can obtain even more assistance.


All you need is a display screen, projector, or perhaps a mobile phone. Learning videos for kids. If you intend to begin applying much more complicated techniques of video-assisted discovering, there are advanced tools offered that will assist you exploit especially on the favorable advantages. Yet initially, below are some basic factors to consider when executing VAL. The first essential action to implementing VAL is to know that you students are.




Educational Videos For Children - Truths


If you locate yourself in a course that does best with hands-on activities and also labs, they will certainly be tired resting silently and seeing videos. An additional important aspect to consider is those with different requirements. Children with ADHD have actually been shown to react improperly to screen-time and also classroom video clips so much that it adversely influences their academic success.




 


Videos must be utilized as additional material only. Unless you are in a movie guiding course, playing motion pictures or video clips at all times is not perfect for enhanced learning. That is why also in on-line classes, trainees still have to do worksheets, take part in on-line conversation, and also sometimes even do service-learning to finish their program.


If you are carrying out a flipped classroom, then videos may not really ever be played in-class but rather at residence. On the contrary side, if your class does not have any kind of kind of display screen, class-wide video clips may not be a choice (Educational videos for kids). Because videos are not as resource intensive as before, luckily all you need is great projector or interactive whiteboard to get the job done.

 

Wedding Live Stream Canberra Things To Know Before You Get This

The 9-Minute Rule for Canberra Live Streaming

 

Without an event streaming system: great deals of setup required, With an occasion streaming platform: a lot better Normally, services that are best placed to benefit from implementing occasion stream handling are those that have a lot of notable occasions, whose occasions are occurring regularly and also close with each other in time, and also have the demand to react promptly to these occasions.


Constant occasions that are close with each other in time are the ideal situation for occasion streaming applications. As event streaming options can scale to support numerous countless occasions simply put time periods, the much more events we gather, the merrier. Selling tickets online, as an example, can see thousands of concurrent requests.


Occasion stream processing can help you bring the power of knowledge into the now, such as creating content recommendations on-the-fly for video clip streaming systems. No matter of sector, event stream handling enables the applications such as: Real-time anomaly discovery, framework surveillance, projecting, fad analysis, Observe metrics from thousands of occasions in actual time, such as real-time counters and also moving standards.

 

 

 

 


The event streaming platform would consume this stream of occasions and run real-time analytics. For instance, we might want checking the typical temperature over a 30 2nd duration. Later on, we want the temperature level to be shown only if the temperature exceeds 45 C. Whenever this condition is fulfilled, the alert can be made use of by other applications to respond in real-time and also adjust operations to prevent the threat of overheating.

 

 

 

Things about Canberra Live Streaming


When an individual desires to make a payment and also encounters serious hold-ups, they might revitalize the page which can cause the deal to stop working and also leave the individual perplexed as to whether the cash has actually been debited or not. Similarly, when handling machine-driven repayments, latency can have a substantial ripple effect, especially when queueing thousands of repayments.


To allow smooth handling of thousands of simultaneous demands, we can utilize occasion streaming processing to make sure regular experience throughout. A settlement demand occasion can be fed from a topic into an initial payments cpu, which updates the complete equilibrium of repayments currently being processed. Afterwards, a subsequent occasion is created and also sent out to an additional cpu that confirms that the settlement can be processed, as well as updates the customer's balance.


Cybersecurity devices collect numerous occasions to spot new risks and also comprehend connections between private incidents. To decrease false positives, cybersecurity tools utilize occasion streaming processing to enrich hazards and also supply contextually abundant information. They do so by following a collection Wedding Live Stream Canberra of actions such as: Gather events from various data resources such as real-time customer settings, Filter occasion streams so that just relevant data enters the subjects, particularly to remove known incorrect positives or benign attacks, Leverage real-time streaming applications to associate occasions across various resource interfaces, Forward top priority occasions to various other systems such as the safety and security info and occasion administration systems (SIEM) or safety and security automation, orchestration as well as action (SOAR) We can apply actual time applications to improve passenger experience in the past, throughout as well as after flights, as well as enhance overall process efficiency.

 

 

 

Wedding Live Stream CanberraVideographer Canberra
It makes feeling that, offered the current state of our globe, concerns are plentiful from all corners. For marketers as well as brand names, live-streaming and also digital events have arised as solutions to one critical inquiry of the minute: Just how can we remain connected and also engaged with our neighborhood at a time where in-person meetings as well as events are largely off the table?

 

 

 

The 9-Minute Rule for Canberra Live Streaming

 

 

 

 


We held an interactive live-stream for the launch of Linked, In Occasions as well as unlocked for questions from customers. Listed below, you'll find the ones we listened to most often, along with the solutions. No, you do not need access to Reside in order to use the website here Occasions product. If you prepare to stream to your occasion attendees making use of Linked, In Live, you will certainly require to apply for accessibility (see below).

 

 

 

Live Streaming Services CanberraCanberra Live Streaming
So here's exactly how to do it: Once your Page is approved for Linked, In Live broadcasting, utilizing the device to stream right into a Linked, In Event is simple. Begin by developing an occasion from your company's Connected, In Web page as well as move the slider for "Is this an online event?" to yes.


 

 

 


When you go deal with Linked, In for your virtual event, the real-time stream and also ultimately, the recording stays in a blog post on the occasion feed forever. Exactly how can I make the replay offered for all my network, including those who have not registered? We are functioning on an upgrade to our item experience that allows public sharing of a live stream when streamed to a Connected, In Occasion audience.


Below's just how to do it: When your Web page is authorized for Linked, In Live broadcasting, using the device to stream right into a Linked, In Occasion is simple.

 

 

 

Live Streaming Services Canberra - The Facts


When you go online with Connected, In for your online event, the online stream and ultimately, the recording lives in a blog post on the event feed forever. Exactly how can I make the replay readily available for all my network, consisting of those who have not signed up? We are servicing an update to our item experience that enables public sharing of a live stream when streamed to a Connected, In Occasion audience.


So right here's exactly how to do it: When your Page is approved for Connected, In visit this page Live broadcasting, making use of the tool to stream right into a Linked, In Occasion is simple. Beginning by producing an occasion from your company's Connected, In Page as well as relocate the slider for "Is this an on the internet event?" to of course.


When you go deal with Linked, In for your digital occasion, the online stream and also ultimately, the recording lives in a post on the event feed forever (Canberra Live Streaming). How can I make the replay available for all my network, including those who have not registered? We are working with an upgrade to our item experience that allows public sharing of a live stream when streamed to a Linked, In Event audience.
 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15